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Did abolishing primary-school fees in sub-Saharan African countries (staggere...

By Björn Hanneke

Did abolishing primary-school fees in sub-Saharan African countries (staggered between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s) raise gross primary enrolment? A difference-in-differences with World Bank enrolment data, comparing countries that abolished fees with countries that had not (yet) abolished them.

Published on e2er.orgDemonstrationVersion 1 · 2026-10-15 · from the command line

Dossier 00f09b8dcbede3ad data private · code private

Paper, data and code

  • Paper
    Not public.

  • Data
    Not public.

  • Code
    Not public.

Checks

Only the checks by e2er.org and in GitHub Actions ran outside the author's control.

Checked by e2er.org

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Checked in GitHub Actions

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Reported by the author's own check

  • ✓citations 22 cite key(s) resolve in refs.bib; snapshot: 18 verified, 4 unverifiable at run time
  • ✓integrity 57 files hash-verified against provenance.json; 121 table cell(s) traced in the derivation graph; 2 change(s) after export recorded as amendments (paper/paper.pdf, paper/paper.tex)
  • ✓method checks difference-in-differences: pre_periods=5, post_periods=6, pre_trends_p=0.9797, placebo=1, sensitivity=3, estimator=callaway_santanna
  • ✓numbers 121 table cell(s) are source values at the precision shown; 21 coefficient(s) checked, 0 inconsistent; text (not gating): 91 of 91 number(s) are source values, 0 differ from the quantity named nearby, 0 untraced
  • ✓preregistration estimation follows the pre-registered plan (frozen 2026-10-13); every pre-registered hypothesis has a result (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6)
  • ·results from code not checked: the run predates output records
  • ✓spec estimation implements the declared identification
  • ✓tables 5 table(s) reproduce byte-identically from the sidecars

e2er verify on the author's machine, at publish

What was published

Files
27 named with their SHA-256 fingerprint; the files stay with the authors
References
18 of 22 resolved
AI calls
19
Content id
sha256:e6265e94dfefc4cb6f5424e0d5bf543d9a8965fb022c747b471d692eb57a0f53
e2er
version 0.17.0 · template policy-evaluation
AI
Claude Sonnet via Claude Code

Data used

Each source the run loaded, as the connector recorded it: what was read and when, the source's terms and the citation it asks for.

World Bank Open Data (Indicators API v2), The World Bank · 2 loads · release 2026-10-08 · read 2026-10-13

e2er's connector for it · about this data source

World Bank SE.PRM.ENRR, SE.PRM.ENRR.MA, SE.PRM.ENRR.FE, SE.PRM.NENR, SE.PRM.CMPT.ZS for AGO, BEN, BWA, BFA, BDI, CPV, CMR, CAF, TCD, COM, COD, COG, CIV, DJI, GNQ, ERI, SWZ, ETH, GAB, GMB, GHA, GIN, GNB, KEN, LSO, LBR, MDG, MWI, MLI, MRT, MUS, MOZ, NAM, NER, NGA, RWA, STP, SEN, SYC, SLE, SOM, ZAF, SSD, SDN, TZA, TGO, UGA, ZMB, ZWE, 1980–2018 · release 2026-10-08, read 2026-10-13 · table wdi_primary_enrolment https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 e24fe5397b18https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR.MA?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 91b4a629d2a3https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR.FE?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 734218cf18efhttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SE.PRM.NENR?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 9716cd939424https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SE.PRM.CMPT.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 34c1824e4372 Cite: The World Bank: World Development Indicators: Data API, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources, note: The data are obtained through the UIS API. Detailed documentation is available at: https://api.uis.unesco.org/api/public/documentation/, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), type: Bulk file (csv), date accessed: 2026-03-19, date published: 2026-02; Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://uis.unesco.org/bdds, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). World Bank Open Data, https://data.worldbank.org (last updated 2026-10-08). Licence: CC BY 4.0.
World Bank SP.POP.TOTL, NY.GDP.PCAP.KD, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, SH.DYN.MORT for AGO, BEN, BWA, BFA, BDI, CPV, CMR, CAF, TCD, COM, COD, COG, CIV, DJI, GNQ, ERI, SWZ, ETH, GAB, GMB, GHA, GIN, GNB, KEN, LSO, LBR, MDG, MWI, MLI, MRT, MUS, MOZ, NAM, NER, NGA, RWA, STP, SEN, SYC, SLE, SOM, ZAF, SSD, SDN, TZA, TGO, UGA, ZMB, ZWE, 1980–2018 · release 2026-10-08, read 2026-10-13 · table wdi_controls https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 c884fd4f8d75https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 9d8c684e02b6https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 b5c5250f475chttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/AGO;BEN;BWA;BFA;BDI;CPV;CMR;CAF;TCD;COM;COD;COG;CIV;DJI;GNQ;ERI;SWZ;ETH;GAB;GMB;GHA;GIN;GNB;KEN;LSO;LBR;MDG;MWI;MLI;MRT;MUS;MOZ;NAM;NER;NGA;RWA;STP;SEN;SYC;SLE;SOM;ZAF;SSD;SDN;TZA;TGO;UGA;ZMB;ZWE/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?format=json&per_page=20000&source=2&date=1980%3A2018&page=1 f36a92e16f53 Cite: The World Bank: World Development Indicators: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB); UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), uri: www.childmortality.org, publisher: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, United Nations Population Division; World Health Organization (WHO), uri: www.childmortality.org, note: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; World Bank (WB), uri: www.childmortality.org, note: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; United Nations (UN), uri: www.childmortality.org, note: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, publisher: UN Population Division; World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division; World Urbanization Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wup/, note: United Nations Population Division's World Urbanization Prospects, National definitions, publisher: UN Population Division. World Bank Open Data, https://data.worldbank.org (last updated 2026-10-08). Licence: CC BY 4.0.

Terms CC BY 4.0 unless an indicator is labelled otherwise; attribute as "The World Bank: Dataset name: Data source". Some third-party indicators carry other terms, stated in their metadata (each load records them). Full terms

References: 0 from the authors' papers, 14 found on the web, 8 method sources from the template · listed in the dossier

Versions

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The template, specialists, skills and connectors this version used, as its dossier names them, with the people credited for each.

Template (1) · by e2er authors
Specialists (14) · by e2er authors
Skills (49) · by e2er authors
Connector (1) · by e2er authors

Authors

  • ·Björn Hanneke conceptualization, investigation

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