No Cash Flows, New Owners: Spot Bitcoin ETFs and the Origins of Co-movement
How this study was produced: every step of the run with the file it wrote, and everything the run used, pinned to the exact version. The address of this page is derived from its content: if anything below changed, the address would change.
Replaced by version 3 of this study: dossier 057929c26221ef80. The latest is version 4: dossier 1606581708e0909b. This dossier stays as it was published.
Dossiersha256:37aca410ed871da5884eca4b2c5d723d14facd3612986e183caee3f5e7ebc95d
Paper, data and code of the study
- PaperPublic · Read the paper (PDF)
- DataNot public.
The data come from Yahoo Finance. Its terms allow personal use only, so the data stay with the source.Get the data from the source (its terms), or load them yourself with
e2er-data yfinance.The study's code reloads them:
code/get_data.py. - CodePublic · Get the code
Run settings
- e2er
- version 0.8.2 · code at f59c79fda8bf
- Template
- empirical · single pass
- Governance
- full
- AI backend
- claude_code
- Models
- claude_code/claude-sonnet-4-5
- Exported
- 20261005
- Sessions
- one session, on one e2er commit · listed with the workflow
- Outcome
- Completed · 2026-09-11 10:55 UTCe2er's internal quality review: 6.1 of 10
- e2er code
- no local changes at run time
Input data
SHA-256 of the data files, as recorded in the study's provenance.
- ·data/data_dictionary.json 3b54e0ba6277
- ·data/data_sources.json 57a6bb75a18c
- ·data/data_summary.md 285377de56fb
Data used
Yahoo Finance (through yfinance) · 37 loads · read 2026-10-05 · personal use only
e2er's connector for it · about this data source
BTC-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_BTC_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BTC-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BTC-USD.
ETH-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_ETH_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ETH-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ETH-USD.
SOL-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_SOL_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, SOL-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/SOL-USD.
XRP-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_XRP_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, XRP-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/XRP-USD.
LTC-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_LTC_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, LTC-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/LTC-USD.
BNB-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_BNB_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BNB-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BNB-USD.
ADA-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_ADA_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ADA-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ADA-USD.
DOGE-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_DOGE_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, DOGE-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DOGE-USD.
BCH-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_BCH_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BCH-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BCH-USD.
LINK-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_LINK_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, LINK-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/LINK-USD.
AVAX-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_AVAX_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, AVAX-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AVAX-USD.
DOT-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_DOT_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, DOT-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DOT-USD.
XLM-USD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_XLM_USD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, XLM-USD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/XLM-USD.
SPY daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_SPY.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, SPY daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/SPY.
QQQ daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_QQQ.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, QQQ daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/QQQ.
IWM daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_IWM.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, IWM daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/IWM.
ARKK daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_ARKK.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ARKK daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ARKK.
XLK daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_XLK.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, XLK daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/XLK.
ACWX daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_ACWX.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ACWX daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ACWX.
GLD daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_GLD.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, GLD daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GLD.
SLV daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_SLV.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, SLV daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/SLV.
^GSPC daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_GSPC.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ^GSPC daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/^GSPC.
^VIX daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_VIX.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ^VIX daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/^VIX.
^MOVE daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_MOVE.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ^MOVE daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/^MOVE.
^TNX daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_TNX.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ^TNX daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/^TNX.
DX-Y.NYB daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/px_DXY.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, DX-Y.NYB daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DX-Y.NYB.
IBIT daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_IBIT.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, IBIT daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/IBIT.
FBTC daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_FBTC.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, FBTC daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/FBTC.
GBTC daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_GBTC.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, GBTC daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GBTC.
ARKB daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_ARKB.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, ARKB daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ARKB.
BITB daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_BITB.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BITB daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BITB.
BTCO daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_BTCO.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BTCO daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BTCO.
EZBC daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_EZBC.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, EZBC daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/EZBC.
BRRR daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_BRRR.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BRRR daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BRRR.
HODL daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_HODL.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, HODL daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HODL.
BTCW daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_BTCW.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BTCW daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BTCW.
BITO daily prices · read 2026-10-05 · data/etf_BITO.csv · source page Cite: Yahoo Finance, BITO daily prices, retrieved through yfinance on 2026-10-05, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BITO.
Terms Yahoo's terms of use apply. The yfinance project notes that Yahoo's finance data are intended for personal use only; yfinance is not affiliated with Yahoo. Full terms
The source publishes no citation format; e2er records this one.
e2er's internal quality review
Six reviewer specialists each score the draft from one angle, on a scale of 0 to 10. The score in the middle is the weighted average of these scores, with the weights in the table.
6.1 of 10
| Reviewer | Score | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| data | 6.0 | 1.25 |
| identification | 6.0 | 1.5 |
| literature | 5.9 | 1 |
| mechanism | 5.6 | 1 |
| technical | 6.5 | 1.5 |
| writing | 7.0 | 0.75 |
Workflow (24 steps)
The run in order, from the run's own record. The run was carried out in one session on one e2er commit. How to read it
A session is one e2er process, from a start or a resume to the next stop, and each session names the e2er version and commit its steps ran on. Each specialist step shows the model, the file it wrote and the file's hash value (SHA-256). Where the run did not record the hash value, the step says so: the last step that wrote a file shows the hash value of the file at export, and earlier steps that wrote the same file are marked as superseded. Checks that stopped a step are listed where they happened: 1 here. Steps taken by the researcher (4 here) are marked with a grey dot.
5 researcher decisions and stops · 4 actions · 1 stop · 0 approved deviations · 0 failures
Session 1 of 1 2026-09-11 09:47 to 2026-10-05 07:58 UTC · e2er 0.8.2, commit f59c79fda8bf · 24 steps · idea developer, literature scanner, identification strategist and 13 more · 4 researcher actions · 1 check failed
Initial 10 steps · idea developer, literature scanner, identification strategist and 5 more · 09:48–10:29 · 1 check failed
- idea developer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 09:48–09:50 design/paper_plan.md a480534a2cc7 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- literature scanner · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 09:50–09:55 design/literature_review.md e519715654e6 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- identification strategist · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 09:55–09:58 design/identification_strategy.md 42aa7aa611a4 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- data architect · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 09:58–10:02 data/data_dictionary.json 3b54e0ba6277 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- data analyst · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:02–10:08 data/data_summary.md 285377de56fb (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- econometrics specialist · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:08–10:18 design/econometric_spec.md ae90ccb7350c (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- Check: contracts failed, step stopped and ran again
What the check found
paper_draft.tex: 2 inline tabular environment(s) in the draft (14 \input reference(s)) — tables must come from tables/*.tex via \input so their numbers trace to result files, not from the draft itself - paper drafter · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:18–10:27 paper/paper.tex (stopped by the check above; the step ran again)
- abstract writer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:27–10:28 paper/abstract.tex 4e6faf86b4dd (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- paper drafter · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:28–10:29 paper/paper.tex c4c3aa51a178 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
Review 8 steps · mechanism reviewer, technical reviewer, literature reviewer and 3 more · 10:29–10:48
- Check: numbers passed
- Check: citations passed
- mechanism reviewer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:29–10:31 reviews/review_mechanism.md 98dc62fc705b (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- technical reviewer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:31–10:35 reviews/review_technical.md c62e143a76fd (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- literature reviewer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:35–10:37 reviews/review_literature.md 74b218dd4397 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- writing reviewer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:37–10:41 reviews/review_writing.md 0dda5ad6e677 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- data reviewer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:41–10:44 reviews/review_data.md db8ed1e8bca1 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- identification reviewer · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:44–10:48 reviews/review_identification.md 6a89ce902828 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
Revision 1 step · patch revisor · 10:48–10:51
- patch revisor · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:48–10:51 misc/paper_draft.tex.edits.json ec4f6503f012 (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
Replication 5 steps · replication packager · 09-11 10:51 to 10-05 07:58 · 4 researcher actions
- replication packager · claude-sonnet-4-5 · 10:51–10:55 replication/estimation.py 4e1399297fee (not recorded during the run; hash of the file at export)
- Researcher supplied code/get_data.py · 07:58 hash value c705f8cb89d3
- Researcher supplied code/requirements.txt · 07:58 hash value 6a0419ca6274
- Researcher supplied reproduce.json · 07:58 hash value 842633d4f362
- Researcher supplied data/data_sources.json · 07:58 hash value 57a6bb75a18c
The run ended: completed · 2026-09-11 10:55 UTC
Changes made when the study was published
Files that were changed after the run, when the study was published, with the hash value (SHA-256) before and after the change and the reason recorded for it.
- paper/refs.bib · 2026-10-05 08:01 UTC
- Hash value before
- d89feb69a8af
- Hash value after
- ac1a3e8e7085
- Reason
- escaped & % # so the paper compiles
What it was built with (57)
Each part with its authors and the version used. e2er parts are pinned by git's content hash of their file at the commit above; follow a link to read that exact version.
Templates (1)
· by e2er authors · pinned at e2er f59c79fda8bf
| Template | By | Pinned version |
|---|---|---|
| empirical | e2er authors | unresolved: pipelines/empirical.toml at f59c79fda8bf is not in the E2ER checkout this dossier was built from |
Specialists (16)
· by e2er authors · pinned at e2er f59c79fda8bf
Skills (39)
· by e2er authors · pinned at e2er f59c79fda8bf
Connectors (1)
· by e2er authors · pinned at e2er f59c79fda8bf
| Connector | By | Pinned version |
|---|---|---|
| claude-code | e2er authors | src/modules/llm/claude_code.py blob 7af2fb88bea1 |
Cite e2er with this dossier
A paper produced with e2er gives one reference for e2er: this dossier. It credits everyone listed above.
@misc{e2er-37aca410ed871da5,
title = {e2er dossier for "No Cash Flows, New Owners: Spot Bitcoin ETFs and the Origins of Co-movement"},
author = {{e2er}},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {\url{https://e2er.org/d/37aca410ed871da5}},
note = {Workflow, templates, specialists, skills, connectors and models used, pinned by content hash. Dossier sha256:37aca410ed871da5884eca4b2c5d723d14facd3612986e183caee3f5e7ebc95d}
}